11 APR 2025 · Salerno. Literary Cenacle.
Caravaggio, Crowning with Thorns and Ecce Homo
(Contribution by Pasquale Giustiniani)
Two paintings by Caravaggio on the first and sixth stations of the Via Crucis
First station – Jesus condemned to death – “Ecce Homo”.
The theme of Ecce Homo is inspired by the passage from the Gospels. Pontius Pilate exposed Christ to the people of Jerusalem who were asking for his condemnation. The Roman prefect absolved Jesus from the accusations of having plotted against the authority of Rome but the Jewish ecclesiastical hierarchies accused him of blasphemy. Ecce Homo, (Behold the man), is the title of the work that takes up the words used by Pontius Pilate to indicate Christ to the crowd. Before the exposure, a soldier placed a torn cloth on Jesus’ shoulders, a crown of thorns on his head and a reed in his hands. With these objects the prisoner was presented in a derisive manner as the king of the Jews.
Sixth station: the injustice of the condemnation is added to the outrage of the flagellation. Delivered into the hands of men, the body of Jesus is disfigured. That body received from the Virgin Mary, who made Jesus "the most beautiful of the sons of men", who dispensed the anointing of the Word - "from your lips flows grace" (Ps 45:3) -, is now cruelly lacerated by the whip. The face transfigured on Tabor is disfigured in the praetorium: the face of one who, insulted, does not answer of one who, beaten, forgives of one who, enslaved without a name, frees those who lie in slavery.
- The last seven words of the Crucifix.
Roberto Bellarmino, a Jesuit who twice risked becoming Pope, in the last years of his life, at the end of the month of Ignatian spiritual exercises, also wrote the De septem verbis a Christo in cruce prolatis: a meditation of strong spiritual charge on a theme dear to both devotion and music. Many composers have dedicated important works to it: from Franz J. Haydn to Saverio Mercadante to Sofia Guibadulina. Roberto Bellarmino was very devoted to the cross and, above all, to the crucifix. During his episcopate resident in Capua, which lasted from May 1602 to April 1605, and exactly on the day of the “invention of the Holy Cross” (at the time placed by the Liturgy on May 3), he held a beautiful sermon “in inventione crucis” (dating back to the beginning of May 1603 or, more likely, to May 3, 1604). He preached in the city of Marcianise, in oppido martianisii, a large agricultural center of the diocese of Capua, located in what the Romans had already called Leboria terra and, subsequently, called Terra di lavoro in Campania felix. Marcianise was the most suitable location for this Bellarminian sermon because from time immemorial it had consecrated, even architecturally, its devotion to the cross and the crucifix. In Marcianise, in 1564, a confraternity and chapel of S. Maria della Misericordia and del Monte di Pietà had arisen, linked precisely to the devotion to the crucifix, with a feast on May 3 (invention of the cross). Here, as in other parts of reformed Catholicism, an altar had been dedicated, in the cathedral, to the five wounds of the crucifix, where, on Good Friday, the so-called "three hours of agony" were preached (a custom that would persist uninterruptedly at least until the second Vatican council). In Bellarmine's spiritual writings, written in the last years of the cardinal's life, the fruit of as many month-long spiritual exercises, there is also a beautiful writing, emblematic of his peculiar spirituality and devotion to the crucifix, both theological and ascetic: I am referring to De septem verbis a Christo in cruce prolatis. Written in 1618, three years before his death, it is, like the others, a work of Bellarmine's maturity and therefore represents the fruit of a lifetime of study, reflection and prayer. The work, which is composed of two books, of 12 and 24 chapters respectively, is a reading and a meditation on the great 'book of the cross', as Bellarmine calls it, to 'explain the principal virtues of Christ crucified', 'perfect model of every virtue'. The A. takes into consideration 'the last discourse, composed of seven words, very short but very important, that the redeemer of the world addressed to all men from the cross, as from a very high chair'. The commentary on the individual words pronounced by Jesus on the cross is always preceded by a literal explanation that helps to understand their historical meaning, and then moves on to the teaching that derives from them and which consists in the 'fruits' that can be 'picked' from the tree of the cross.
- Only two words in front of Caravaggio's canvases
In the Bellarminian pamphlet, according to tradition, Christ pronounces seven expressions. We want to focus on the two that also inspired Caravaggio.
First word: Father, forgive them for they know not what they do. Bellarmine writes: «Of the first three words, which concern others, the first is addressed to enemies, the second to friends, the third to relatives. The reason for this order is the following: charity first helps the most needy, and the most needy then were the enemies of Christ, and we too, disciples of such a great master, needed him to teach us love for enemies, which is more difficult and rarer than love for friends and relatives, which in some way is innate in us, grows with us and often becomes excessive».
The fruit to be gathered from this first word is described in the following terms: "The naked body, exhausted by flagellations and the long journey, was exposed to public ridicule and cold, and its weight, with unheard of and continuous suffering, increasingly tore the wounds of his hands and feet, causing the good Lord at the same time many sufferings, as if they were so many crosses. And yet, O charity that surpasses all our knowledge, despising all this, as if he did not suffer at all, concerned only with the salvation of his enemies and wanting to remove from them the impending danger, he cries out to the Father: Father, forgive them. What would he do if those wicked men suffered and did not move an unjust persecution, if they had been friends, relatives, children, and not enemies, traitors, wicked parricides? O merciful Jesus, truly your charity surpasses all our ability to understand!" The last of the first three words, which concern love for one's neighbor, is this: "Behold your mother, behold your son." "From this third word, if we consider it well, many fruits can be gathered. First of all, the infinite desire of Christ to suffer for our salvation, so that redemption might be complete and abundant. Other human beings, in fact, when they die, especially by a violent, shameful and infamous death, make sure that their relatives do not witness it, so that the pain and sadness are not doubled by their presence. Christ, on the other hand, not content with his passion, moreover atrocious, painful and infamous, wanted his mother and his beloved disciple to be present and to stand at the foot of the cross, so that the pain of the compassion of their loved ones might increase the pain of his passion. Christ on the cross poured out his blood abundantly as if from four sources: he wanted his mother, his disciple, Mary, his mother's sister, and Mary Magdalene, who loved him more than all the other holy women, to be present, so that four sources of tears would flow from them, as if to suffer less from the shedding of his own blood than from the abundant river of tears that flowed from the hearts of those present in pain. Very beautiful, in addition to that reference to the ascetic gift of tears, on the level of Marian devotion appears the fourth fruit of this third word: "The burden and the yoke of taking care and concern for the Virgin Mother, imposed by the Lord on St. John, truly became a sweet yoke and a light burden. Who would not have accepted to live with her who for nine months had carried the incarnate Word in her womb and who for thirty years had lived with him in great devotion and sweetness? And who would not envy the disciple beloved by the Lord who, in the absence of the Son of God, welcomed the presence of the Mother of God? But we too, if I am not mistaken, can obtain through prayer from the benevolence of the Word, made man for us and crucified for our love, to hear Him say: “Behold your mother,” and to hear the Mother of us say: “Behold your son.” The merciful Lord is not stingy with graces, provided we approach the throne of His grace with faith and trust, and with a truly sincere, not false, heart. He, who wanted us to be co-heirs of the kingdom of His Father, will certainly not disdain to have us as co-heirs of the love of His Mother. And the most compassionate Virgin will not feel burdened by the multitude of her children, since she has a most generous heart and desires that none of those whom her Son has redeemed with His own precious blood and with His precious death should perish. Let us therefore approach with confidence the throne of Christ's grace, and supplicantly and not without tears let us ask him that of each of us he may say to his Mother: Behold your son, and to each of us he may say of his Mother: Behold your mother."
- Conclusion
Now, writes Bellarmine, «we have come to the last word that Christ, dying on the cross, pronounced crying with a loud voice: “Father, into your hands I commend my spirit”». «This explanation of Paul’s testimony (Heb 5:7) convinces us clearly enough that when the Lord says: “Into your hands I commend my spirit”, the word spirit should be understood as life, not as soul. The Lord, in fact, was not so much concerned about his soul, which he knew to be safe and most blessed because of the vision of God granted to him since his creation, but rather about his own body, which he saw close to restoring life because of death: therefore he prayed that his body would not remain long in the power of death, and in this h