Dive into the tumultuous saga of the Rif War—the Guerra del Rif—which raged from 1921 to 1926. This harrowing conflict marked the bloody culmination of Spains ambitions to assert control over a North African territory designated by France. Fueled by a mining concession dispute, the war turned into a catastrophic ordeal for all parties involved—the Spanish, the French, and the Rifian people. With over forty thousand Spanish casualties and a nation left humiliated, the war destabilized Spain, leading to the abdication of Alfonso XIII, a civil war, and the eventual rise of Franco. Meanwhile, the French Republic, entangled in its colonial pursuits in Morocco, suffered eighteen thousand casualties and faced fierce condemnation from the left. Abd El-Krim’s Republic of the Rif eventually fell to a formidable opposing force of nearly half a million soldiers, supported by tanks and aircraft. Notably, the use of chemical weapons against civilian populations was rampant during this brutal conflict, even as Spain and France signed the Geneva Protocol to ban such tactics—albeit the treaty wouldnt take effect until 1928. Walter Burton Harris, a British correspondent for The Times, chronicled this grim chapter, drawing from his extensive experiences in Morocco since 1887. Join us for this compelling account. - Summary by Alister Part 2 can be found at https//librivox.org/france-spain-and-the-rif-part-2-by-walter-burton-harris/