On September 10, 1892, an exciting discovery was made by American astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard at the Lick Observatory in California. While observing the night sky through the observatory's 36-inch refracting telescope, Barnard spotted a faint object near the planet Jupiter. This object turned out to be a previously unknown moon orbiting the gas giant, which was later named Amalthea.

Amalthea, named after the mythological goat that nursed the infant Zeus in Greek mythology, is the fifth-largest moon of Jupiter and the third-closest to the planet. Its discovery was particularly significant because it was the first new Jovian moon to be discovered since Galileo Galilei's observations in 1610.

What makes Amalthea even more intriguing is its unusual shape and composition. The moon is believed to be heavily cratered and irregularly shaped, resembling a potato more than a sphere. Amalthea's average diameter is about 172 kilometers (107 miles), but its longest axis is approximately 250 kilometers (155 miles). The moon is thought to be composed mainly of ice and rock, with a reddish surface likely caused by sulfur originating from volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io.

Barnard's discovery of Amalthea was a testament to the advancing capabilities of astronomical instruments in the late 19th century. The Lick Observatory's 36-inch refracting telescope was, at the time, the largest of its kind in the world, enabling astronomers to make groundbreaking observations and discoveries.

The tale of Amalthea's discovery is a reminder that even in our cosmic backyard, there are still wonders waiting to be found. As we continue to explore the universe with increasingly sophisticated tools and techniques, who knows what other celestial surprises await us on future September 10ths?